Succession in Turkey

By ADMD Law Office, Orhan Yavuz Mavioğlu
Published at "International Succession Third Edition" Edited by Louis Garb and John Wood
Oxford University Press 2010

The below summary of succession principles of Turkey is based on the survey questionnaire drafted by editors and please refer to the published work for details.

SECTION A - BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE LOCAL SYSTEM

1. Type of System

• (a) The legal system of Turkey is a civil law system.
• (b) Turkey is not a federal system either in its administrative or in its legal structure.

2. Wills

• (a)In general, wills must be in writing and signed by the testator/trix in the presence of two witnesses before a public notary, magistrate or an authorized officer. In practice, official wills are made by public notaries. Witnesses must be adults and must have full legal capacity. According to the Turkish Civil Code, a person is considered to be an adult in the following circumstances:
  
  Normal Age of Capacity: an individual is automatically deemed to be an adult when they are over 18 years old;
  
  Acquiring Age of Capacity via Marriage: marriage renders an individual an adult. An individual may get married with the consent of their legal representative even though they are younger than 18 (17 for men, 15 for women);
  
  Age of Capacity via Court Decision: it is possible for an individual who is younger than 18 to be deemed adult under statutory conditions (emancipation).
  
  In order to execute a will, a person must have the capacity to make fair judgments. Any person who is 15 years of age or older is deemed to have capacity to make a will if they are also deemed to make fair judgments and has the ability to understand their rights (see, also, Section A9).
  
  An official will is a will which is prepared by a law officer such as a public notary or a civil court judge pursuant to the instructions of a testator/trix. The testator/trix reads the text prepared and accepts its contents by signing it before the official. Thereafter, the will is dated and signed by the official as well. Finally, the testator/trix, in the presence of two witnesses, expresses that they have read the text and that this text is their last will. The witnesses also sign a statement attached to the will stating that they find the testator/trix capable of executing the will and that they approve the text of the will in their presence.
  
  If the testator/trix is unable to read, the text is read by the official in the presence of the witnesses and the testator/trix signs it accordingly. If the testator/trix is unable to sign, then it is signed by the official and by two witnesses.
  
  Such an official will is preserved at the offices of the notary public or the civil court judge, and a copy may be provided to the testator/trix on demand.
  
  Official wills provide more security since they are executed before officers and they are less likely to be declared void after the death of the testator/trix, which is frequently the case with other forms of wills due to many reasons that will be explained in further sections.
  
  Another advantage of official wills is that they may be executed by individuals who are unable to read or write.
  
  On the other hand, the official wills take more effort and are more costly compared with other types of wills.
  
  A holographic will is completely written by the testator/trix in handwriting. It must include the location and the date of preparation for reference and it must be signed by the testator/trix.
  
  Even a simple letter not formally expressed to be a ‘will’ may constitute a valid holographic will if it meets the above requirements and if it shows the intention of an individual to dispose of their assets after death.
  
  A holographic will can be executed anywhere and enable a person to keep the contents of their will secret. It does not require any witnesses. But there is a chance that it may be challenged on the basis that the testator/trix was mentally incapacitated at the time or later designated a different allocation of their estate.
  
  An oral will is a type of will that can be executed only in exceptional circumstances, where it is impossible to execute an official or a holographic will. It is simply an oral declaration of the testator/trix which may constitute a valid will if the conditions are met.
  
  The main condition for an oral will is a subjective force majeure condition that makes the testator/trix incapable of executing a different type of will, such as war, natural disaster or terminal illness. In addition to this, two witnesses are required. Following such declaration by a testator/trix, if death occurs due to the force majeure, the witnesses must convert such testament into a written format and then apply to the court as soon as possible to register the will on behalf of the testator/trix.
• (b)
• (i) A will maybe revoked in several ways. The first, and most simple method of revocation is the execution of a new and updated will. If the new will is inconsistent with the former one, the provisions of the new will replace the old ones. The execution of a new will does not have to be in the same form of will as the original. For instance, an official will may be revoked by a holographic will anytime before death.
  
  A new will which is only supplementary to an existing will, and only partly alters the provisions of the older will without revoking them entirely, is called a codicil. Codicils are executed in the same way as a will.
  
  A testator/trix can always revoke an official will by an official application for such purpose at anytime before death. Other means of revoking a holographic will in whole or part are burning, tearing or destruction of the text by other means intentionally or unintentionally. In cases of unintentional destruction, if the will's existence cannot be established by other legal means (such as submission of a copy), the will is deemed revoked.
  
  The disposition by the living testator/trix of the items of assets specifically bequeathed in a will constitutes a partial revocation of the will.
• (ii) A will is deemed automatically revoked if the testator/trix gets married after the execution of their will. However marriage does not revoke the will if the will makes express reference to the testator/trix's forthcoming marriage.
• (iii) Divorced spouses cannot be legal heirs to each other and they lose their rights that arise from a will executed during the marriage. The reason for this is the assumption of the legislator that the testator/trix's designations for the spouse were connected with the ongoing marriage at the time.
• (iv) A will, or a part of a will, cannot be revived after revocation unless it is revived according to the law of succession and there is a clear intent of revival by the testator/trix.
  
  A will that is partially revoked and thereafter revoked in full is considered to be revoked in full, despite the fact that certain parts may/may not have been revived at an earlier stage. This is the case unless the intention of such partial revival is declared at the later date of full revocation.
• (v) Non-heterosexual marriages are not recognized in Turkey and therefore such partners cannot benefit as legal heirs accordingly. However, such lack of legal status does not effect any valid express dispositions made by the testator/trix in favour of the other partner. Since such partnerships are not recognized as legal marriages, the automatic revocation of the will does not apply on the separation of such couples.
• (c)The testator/trix cannot appoint or authorize any third party to identify the beneficiaries of their testament after death. The testator/trix may appoint an executor to enforce what they designated in their will.
• (d)Trusts are not available under the Turkish legal system. The most similar legal entity is a foundation which may serve the purposes of a trust. The intention to establish a foundation may be expressed by testamentary disposition. The deceased may allocate a certain fund or all of their estate to a foundation. It is generally accepted that a foundation becomes the new owner of the estate at the time of death. If a foundation is designated as an heir, it becomes responsible for the debts and revenues of the estate allocated to it by the will of the testator/trix.
• (e)There is no specific registrar for wills in Turkey. As stated an official will is kept at either the office of the public notary or at the civil courts.

3. Intestacy

• (a) Turkish law of succession applies a parental system. If the deceased fails to make a will or otherwise fails to provide for the distribution of their estate at death, it will be distributed among their next of kin.
  
  For this purpose, the blood relatives of a deceased person are divided into groups which are called parental. The first parental consists of the descendants of the deceased, the second of their parents and their descendants, the third of their grandparents and their descendants and the fourth is the Turkish State.
  
  The following rules apply to the operation of this system:
  
  First, as long as one member of a parental is alive at the time of death of the deceased, the other parental groups’ rights over the estate are automatically eliminated. Thus, if the deceased has one child alive, then the parents or grandparents of the deceased will receive nothing and the estate will remain in the parental group of the children.
  
  Second, among the members of each parental those nearest in degree to such parental have priority over those in any following groups of parentals. For instance; if A is survived by one child B, B will be A’s sole successor. But if B had died before A then the surviving children of B, if any, will be the new priority heirs of A instead of the following parental members such as A's parents and A’s brothers and sisters.
  
  Third, surviving successors in the same degree of kinship to the deceased in the same parental group, are awarded the estate in equal portions. Also, there is equality among male and female successors. Therefore if A dies intestate, leaving two sons and one daughter, each heir will receive one third of the estate equally. If one of A's children had predeceased A, leaving two children, their share will go to the children, entitling each one to one-sixth of the whole.
  
  Children born outside marriage have the same rights of inheritance as children born in wedlock. Those children recognized by their father or whose paternity is established by a Court may inherit from their father equally. For instance, if a man leaves two children born within a marriage and one who is recognized, each will receive one third of the estate. Adopted children are treated in the same manner as the legitimate or biological children of the deceased. However adopting parents are not taken into consideration with regard to the adopted child’s estate if they predecease them. An adopted child is a legal successor of their biological parents as well.
• (b) There is no difference between movables and immovables under Turkish succession legislation.

4. Freedom of Testation

• (a) A testator/trix is not completely free to dispose of their entire estate as they please. The law limits this freedom in favor of close relatives, by means of the ‘reserved portion’ principle.
  
  This ‘reserved portion’ is a specific percentage of the estate reserved for certain relatives of the deceased. Not all persons who would be entitled to inherit by intestate succession have reserved portions. Only the children, father and mother, brothers and sisters and the surviving spouse of the deceased have rights to such a reserved portion. The amount of the reserved portion depends on the closeness of the surviving heirs to the deceased. The new Civil Code has decreased the extent of the reserved portion and expanded the amount.
  
  Children
  Their reserved portion is half of their intestate statutory share. Thus, if the amount of the estate to be distributed is, for instance 80 and if four children are successors, the intestate share of each would be ¼, namely 20 each and therefore one-half of that share, 10, is the reserved portion for each of those children.
  
  Parents
  Their reserved portion is one-quarter of their statutory share.
  
  Sisters and Brothers
  Their reserved portion is one eighth of their statutory share.
  
  Spouse
  If there are living children or parents of the deceased, the reserved portion of the spouse is the entire amount of his or her statutory share. In all other instances, the reserved portion is three-quarters of the statutory share.
• (b) 
• (i) A testator/trix may enter into a contract of inheritance with another individual instead of making a will. For instance, a husband and wife may conclude an inheritance contract under which they appoint their son as the ultimate successor to both their estates. Unlike a will, the contract of inheritance is not a unilateral disposition but a bilateral contract.
  
  As a consequence, the parties are bound by the contract and the contract is not unilaterally revocable by either of the parties. However they may terminate the contract of inheritance by mutual agreement. In addition to this, if the beneficiary of the contract acts against the testator/trix (e.g. they commit a felony against the testator/trix), the testator/trix may unilaterally terminate the contract as to such beneficiary.
  
  The parties to a contract of inheritance must express their wishes and sign the contract before a public notary or a Civil Court judge and two witnesses.
• (ii) Following the payment of the deceased's debts the estate is divided among the heirs. The heirs can decide the method of partition and the property may be distributed in kind or sold and the proceeds distributed accordingly. If the estate contains immovable (real) property such as land or a house, written approval of all heirs is necessary to agree the method of distribution.
  
  If the heirs cannot agree on the way in which the estate is to be distributed or if a creditor requests a partition in order to collect their debt against the estate, or against one of the heirs, a lawsuit may be brought in court for the distribution of the estate. The law governing distribution by the court includes certain provisions regulating the partition of items which are agricultural land or that have historic value to the family. Under the recently revised Civil Code, the surviving spouse has a special right to demand the family property and the ownership of the house in which the spouses were living together before death.
• (c)Turkish succession law provides certain rules with regard to reserved portions. Heirs with reserved portions (and creditors of the heirs with reserved portions in exceptional circumstances) may (with leave of the court) oppose a distribution if the part distributed exceeds the ratio of the estate that is the remaining portion after the entitlement of the reserved portion. (However, heirs with reserved portions cannot file the above-mentioned suit or demand temporary injunction when the testator/trix is alive.)Distributed portions are corrected through two methods: reduction and equalization. Heirs may exercise such options if they feel the distribution of assets is not just or in conformity with the law.
  
  Reduction:for example, if the deceased states ‘I leave my Istanbul flat (which has a value of 700) to my son A, and I leave my Ankara flat (which has a value of 200) to my daughter B’, the position will be as follows. The testator/trix has an estate with a value of 900 and they intend to portion 700 of the estate to son A. However, daughter B has a reserved portion with a value of 225 (calculated from the total estate value of 900 as B has an intestate share of one-quarter). Thus, in this situation B can file a revocation suit demanding the remaining part of her reserved portion.
  
  Another example is as follows: the deceased M has one daughter (C) and an estate with a value of 100. He leaves 30 to his friend A and 45 to his other friend B. However C has a reserved portion of 100 x 1/2=50. The sum of testamentary dispositions of M is 30+45= 75. Therefore the dispositions of A and B will be reduced according to their ratios and the reduced value of A will be 30 x 1/3, which is 10 and the reduced value of B will be 45 x 1/3, which is 15. Thus, C can file for the remaining part of her reserved portion which is equal to 112.5 – 100 = 12.5.
  
  Equalization:Another method is equalization. Where the testator/trix has transferred an asset to an heir when they are alive, the heir is obliged to return the asset (movable or immovable) or its value to the estate in order for it to be partitioned. Certain conditions are required before a transfer can be made subject to equalization:
  
  the original transfer must have taken place when the testator/trix is alive;
  the transfer must have been without any consideration;
  the transfer must have been to an heir;
  the transfer must have been made as part of the heir’s intended portion of the inheritance.
  
  Therefore, not all transfers are subject to equalization. The burden of proof is on the plaintiff if they claim that the transfer was made in consideration of the heir’s portion of inheritance.

All heirs are subject to equalization whether or not they are entitled to a reserved portion. However it is possible for the testator/trix to provide that the asset or value shall be excluded from equalization. Unless the testator/trix indicates their clear intention to exclude the transfer from equalization when they make the transfer to the heir, equalization is applied to all types of transfers, including the provision of a beneficial loan.

5. Maintenance

Children of the deceased that have not completed their education or who are physically or mentally disabled at the time of the deceased's death may request additional compensation if they have reasonable grounds to be compensated in comparison to other heirs without statutory grounds. It should be noted that the grandchildren of the deceased will not be entitled to such compensation, even if they were regularly supported by the deceased when they were alive.

It is also provided that a child who has lived with their parents or grandparents and who is allocated the parent's income on death will be entitled to capitalize that interest as at the time of the parent's death in addition to their reserved portion.

6. Community Property between Husband and Wife

• (a)See section A 4(a).
• (b)The new matrimonial regime provided for by the new Turkish Civil Code dated 22 November 2001 provides that all assets (except personal assets) and assets acquired during marriage are considered as joint ownership. If one of the spouses dies, the matrimonial regime is liquidated before the estate is determined. The surviving spouse has the right to demand liquidation and determination of the assets and he/she is able to designate their share within the marriage.
  
  As regards all potential disputes between the surviving spouse and the estate's heirs in relation to matrimonial property, the former law is applied for the properties acquired before 1 January 2002, even if the deceased dies after that date, and the new matrimonial regime is applied to property acquired after that date.

7. Joint Property

If a deceased testator/trix had jointly owned property, the joint share forms part of the estate. The heirs that have rights over such jointly owned property may either agree a partition or apply for liquidation.

In general, when heirs inherit property, their ownership is also joint ownership over the title and they may apply to the court for the partition of estate between them. Hence, it is not possible to share one of the jointly owned assets unless all heirs agree to a partition of all assets in the estate. In the absence of such agreement, the heirs may demand liquidation from the courts.

8. Gifts (Inter Vivos)

• (a)No. However if the other heirs can prove that such gift by the testator/trix was made by undue influence; without of legal capacity; or has reduced their reserved rights, etc., they may file a termination of transaction lawsuit to restate the property back to the estate calculations (see also Section A4(c).)
• (b)Gifts that have been made up to one year before the testator/trix’s death may be the subject of a termination of transaction lawsuit. However if the testator/trix has made such a gift with an "abdicating clause" then the gift may be subject to such a lawsuit without any time limitation.

9. Capacity

• (a)In order to execute a will a person must have legal capacity to make fair judgments. Any person who has reached the age of 15 is deemed to have capacity to make a will if they are able to make fair judgments. This differs from the age of adulthood (emancipation) which is 18 and which is required to enter into transactions.
• (b)Witnesses must be over 18 years of age and must have sound mental capacity. No specific qualification is either required to validate the will or sufficient to invalidate it. However, a gift to a witness or to the spouse of a witness is deemed invalid unless there are sufficient other witnesses to validate such a gift.
• (c)There is no restriction on the identity or capacity of a beneficiary. Unless there is a specific direction contained in the will, where a beneficiary is under age (i.e. younger than 18), they will be unable to give valid receipt for a legacy or share of residue left to them and it will therefore be retained by the executors/administrators (or other trustees appointed) until the beneficiary attains full age and is able to give receipt.

10. Authority (Court, Notarial or Other)

• (a)An order of succession is the specific document that officially designates the heirs of the deceased. This document is used to execute the heir’s rights before title registries, banks etc. Application for the order of succession is submitted within one month following the death by the heirs.
• (b) The heirs or their attorney must apply to the Civil Court of Peace for the distribution of the estate. The required documents for such application are as follows:
  
  a petition addressed to the Civil Court of Peace; and
  a family birth record (received from the related Population Registration Office).
  
  These documents will be submitted to the Civil Court, after which the Court settles a hearing date; makes its decision; and issues the order of succession itself. The costs are approximately TL 1,500.00 (excluding any unpaid tax that may be due and excluding legal costs).
• (c)A lawsuit is filed with the Civil Courts as mentioned above.

11. Invalidity of Will

• (a)A will is deemed invalid if it is formally defective or if the testator/trix lacked testamentary capacity. The testator/trix must know and approve the contents of a will. Thus if they agree to execute a will which another person draws up for them, and execute it in ignorance of its contents, the will may be invalidated.
  
  Undue influence, duress or fraud will also invalidate a will. It is important that the testator/trix both understands and voluntarily wishes to make the dispositions included in the will at the time of execution.
• (b) Invalidation makes the will void.
• (c) The onus of proof is on the plaintiff in the invalidation claim.

12. Simultaneous Death

• (a)When more than one person dies and it is not possible to prove which person predeceased the other, it is presumed that they died at the same time. The presumption is important in cases of heirship between the deceased persons. For instance, a father and a son cannot be legal heirs if they die at the same time. Both ‘presumption of death’ and ‘presumption of death at the same time’ are rebuttable presumptions and can be disproven with valid proof.
• (b) See Section A12(a).

13. Presumption of Death

Parents, children, brothers, sisters or legal heirs of an individual who claim a presumption of death, may apply to court to register the death, and the usual provisions of law of succession will be applied after the said procedure. Death presumption rules and, especially, the time of death determination rules differ, depending on the circumstances of the disappearance.

14. Estate Taxes

• (a) The Inheritance Tax Act 1959 governs the taxation of estates passing on death and inter vivos gifts.
• (b) The above mentioned Act states:
  The Inheritance Tax Act is applied to assets of Turkish citizens and assets located in Turkey when such transactions are realized by ways of succession or any other complementary way. The Act is also applied to assets of Turkish citizens which they have acquired in foreign countries. However a non-domiciled foreigner would not be liable to the mentioned tax if they acquire an asset of a Turkish citizen which is outside the Turkish borders by way of succession or any other complimentary way.
• (c) Inheritance tax is applied by reference to the value of the estate. However, there are exemptions for property passing to certain categories of beneficiary and these beneficiaries are designated under Art.3 of Inheritance Tax Act.
  
  Persons who are exempt from Inheritance Tax Act are listed below:
  
  public administrations, retirement funds, social security institutions, associations for public interest, political parties and their attachments or the exempt institutions that these attachments have founded;
  
  institutions that are exempt are institutions founded for science, research, culture, art, health, education, religion, charity and sports etc. for purposes to the benefit of the public:
  
  ambassadors , chargé d'affairs, consuls of foreign countries (except honorary consuls), officers of such consulates and embassies that are also citizens of such countries, the officers and family members of such officers that are formally assigned as officers (if there is such reciprocity). (However those that have acquired assets from Turkish citizens by way of succession or any other way and persons domiciled in Turkey that have acquired assets located in Turkey by way of succession or any other way are excluded).
• (d) There are no other taxes on the transfer of assets to the heirs.

15. Administration of Estates

• (a) According to Turkish Civil Code article 640/2: ‘Heirs own the estate jointly and dispose on every right of the estate together.’ Heirs can also appoint a common representative. The fourth paragraph of the same article states that ‘every heir can demand protection for their rights within the estate’.
  
  The civil court judge may appoint a representative until the distribution of the estate and such representative may manage the assets of the estate and organise the rights of use of the heirs. Such representation is not mandatory and the court does not automatically appoint an administrator until requested.
  
  In addition, a testator/trix may appoint one or more executors to carry out their will. The executor shall administer the estate, pay its debts and distribute the remainder of the estate as directed by the will or otherwise required by law in order to execute the will. Executors are subject to supervision by judges of the civil courts and could be dismissed by them accordingly.
• (b) Heirs can apply to the civil court of the last domicile of the deceased to request an official inventory of the estate in order to provide accredited information regarding the estate.
  
  An heir that accepts an inheritance as documented in the inventory of the estate is only liable for debts of the deceased to the extent of the assets listed and no excess liabilities may be imposed on their personal assets and/or over their inheritance portion documented in the inventory.
• (c) The administration mentioned in Section A15(a) is supervised by a judge of the civil court.
• (d) An heir may file a claim in court and thereby raise an objection to the management of the estate by the administrator.
• (e) As explained above, the heirs’ rights are determined and stated in the order of succession. Legally, the heirs automatically acquire ownership of the property and the order of succession is a declaratory document. In practice, however, the Order of Succession is required to transfer the title of property, especially of funds in a bank or real estate. See also Section A7 with regard to assets inherited jointly.
• (f) Generally, the creditor collects directly from the estate though the assistance of the court or from the heir that has accepted their inheritance.
• (g) If there is no appointed executor or no executor who is able and willing to act (from among the heirs), the court appoints an executor and the executor is supervised by the judge, as explained above.

16. Domicile/Nationality

• (a) According to Art. 20(1) of the International Private Law and Procedure No.5718, where the nationality of the deceased is not Turkish, the inheritance shall be subject to the laws of the deceased's nationality. However, immovable properties located in Turkey are subject to Turkish law under any circumstances.
• (b) The local court may grant an order of succession in order to determine the heirs, even though there are no assets.

SECTION B . APPLICABLE LAW/PROCEDURE WHERE FOREIGN ELEMENTS ARE INVOLVED

1. Jurisdiction

(a)–(c) According to Art.43 of the Law of International Private Law and Procedure (IPLP - The Law No. 5718 titled “International Private Law and Procedure” was adopted on 27 November, 2007 and was published in the Official Gazette No. 26728 dated 12 December 2007), lawsuits of foreigners concerning succession issues should be resolved by the court in the last place of domicile of the deceased.

2. Applicable Law

According to Art. 20 of IPLP, inheritance of the deceased is subject to their national legislation.

However, Turkish laws are applied to immovable property located in Turkey.

3. Foreign Succession/Inheritance Orders

• (a) Article 20/4 of IPLP states that duly executed testamentary dispositions of the deceased (according to their national laws) will be valid. However, Art. 54/1 b) provides limitations on some issues, such as the exclusive power of Turkish courts to jurisdiction over Turkish immovable property.
• (b) A duly executed order of succession (from a foreign country) will be valid. However, such an order will not cover immovable assets located in Turkey because of the reasons mentioned above. Banks, though, will act on the basis of a Turkish court order either generally or recognizing a foreign order.
• (c) A civil court of first instance has jurisdiction for the recognition and enforcement of foreign court orders. Such recognition can be requested of the court of domicile of the individual requesting recognition; or from the court of their permanent residence, if they are not domiciled, or from, Ankara, Istanbul and Izmir Courts if none of these factors are present.
  
  The required documents that shall be attached to the petition for recognition are as follows:
  
  a duly approved original copy of a foreign court order or an approved copy of the foreign court order and an approved translation;
  
  a duly approved original copy of a court order indicating that the order is finalized (i.e.no further appeal is possible) or an approved copy;
  
  the beneficiaries/heirs can apply to the competent court and the court will settle a decision in terms of conditions set out under Art.54 of IPLP accordingly.
  
  Article 54 of IPLP states the following on the issue:
  
  there must be a reciprocal agreement between Turkey and the other country that has issued a court order or the mentioned country must include an article which enables recognition or de facto application of its provisions;
  the court decision shall not deal with matters within the exclusive power of Turkish courts (such as immovable property) in Turkey;
  the court decision shall not be explicitly against public order of Turkey;
  the defendant (if there is one) must be provided with the necessary documentation (due process) to appear before the court and present their defence, before such court order is resolved.

4. Two or More Succession or Probate Orders

Nationality will prevail if such an order includes movables; however, location of assets will prevail if such order includes designations of immovable property according to provisions of IPLP.

5. Assets

The local court will assume jurisdiction according to territorial jurisdiction, as explained in Section B3(c).

6. Expert Evidence

• (a) Evidence will normally be required from a lawyer qualified in the jurisdiction of the deceased’s domicile before a grant of representation may be issued to the estate of a person who died domiciled outside Turkey. That evidence must cover the manner of administration of the estate as prescribed by the law of the deceased’s domicile, identify the persons entitled to apply for a grant to the deceased’s estate in Turkey and, if relevant, state the manner in which the estate devolves.
• It is necessary for the capacity of a foreign authorized person to be established by means of the apostille procedure. Turkish diplomatic and consular officers are empowered to administer the making of affidavits in the country in which they are appointed: their official seals will be recognized by the Turkish court without the need for further evidence of their authority to be provided.
• (b) Affidavit evidence will be sufficient and a foreign lawyer will not be required to appear in court to provide evidence. However, if it is necessary for the application that the grant be determined by proceedings in court, it may be necessary for a lawyer qualified in the jurisdiction of the deceased’s domicile to give evidence.

7. Unity of Succession

Turkish law provides that immovable assets devolve in accordance with the law of their situs. However, the determination differs for movables. IPLP provides that acquired real rights are preserved if the movable is transferred to another country. In the absence of an acquired real right, the devolution of a movable is subject to the law of the deceased's domicile.

8. Formalities

Turkish law will treat a will as properly executed if its execution conforms with the Turkish law in force at the relevant time in the territory at the time of its execution or of the testator/trix’s death. The Turkish consulate can provide such conformity in order to execute a proper will. In addition, the Turkish courts accept any foreign will, that is executed properly, pursuant to international principles which it recognizes.

9. Hague Convention

Turkey became party to the Hague Convention on the Conflicts of Laws Relating to the Form of Testamentary Dispositions 1961 in 1983.

10. Wills

The underlying rule of Turkish law is that immovable property passes in accordance with the law of its situs and movable property passes in accordance with the deceased’s national law as at the date of their death or at the time of execution of the will. The rules relating to conflicts of laws are complicated and the following should only be regarded as a synopsis of the position. Detailed advice may be required in particular circumstances.

• (a) In order to effect a disposition of immovable property situated in Turkey, a will must be recognized as valid under Turkish law on the basis of the principles enunciated above. In order to effect a disposition of movable property situated in Turkey, the will must satisfy the requirements of the law of the deceased’s national law as at their date of death. Such wills shall be executed before a notary or a civil court judge and two witnesses. Codicils are subject to the same procedures of execution as wills.
• (b) Turkish courts will endeavor to find the testator/trix’s true meaning when constructing a will. If it is clear that the testator/trix meant their will to be constructed in accordance with the principles of another legal system, the court will give effect to that intention. In similar situations Turkish courts apply to the Ministry of Justice in order to receive information from the other legal system relating to terms which are difficult to understand.
• (c) The rights of beneficiaries or heirs will depend upon the law that governs the devolution of the asset in question: if movable, the deceased’s national law at the date of the death; and, if immovable, the law of its situs.
• (d) Capacity to inherit will, again, depend upon the deceased's national law in the case of moveables and upon Turkish law for immovable property.
• (e) A testator/trix shall acquire capacity as stated in Turkish legislation (see Section A9).
• (f) Turkish law may prevail in circumstances where there is 'lack of will'. For instance, a will would be deemed invalid for lack of will if someone else has prepared a will on behalf of the testator/trix. The will would also be deemed invalid where there is: unclear content; a lack of a formal requirement pursuant to the law that is regulating the form; impossible content; and content against morality. In addition, if the will has been replaced by a new will, if the heir predeceases the testator, or if the heir is debarred from the inheritance, the will would also be invalid. Invalidity of a will can also be filed in cases of mistake, duress or fraud in Turkey.
• (g) In Turkey there is no power that gives the authority to third party to appoint the ultimate recipient. However, the testator/trix can appoint an executor in their will to compel the heirs to fulfill their liabilities regarding the estate.
• (h) Legal requirements concerning revocation of a will are governed in all cases, except where revocation is by the execution of a new will, by the law of the testator/trix’s domicile at the date of the purported revocation. However, the law is far from clear on this question. Amendment and revocation as a result of the execution of a new will and revival of wills will depend upon the law that governs the making of the will.
• (i) If a non-resident executes a will in Turkey, their national law will be applied to their movable property. However, Turkish law will be applied for immovable property located in Turkey.

11. Domicile/Nationality

• (a) Turkey signed the Hague Convention on the Conflicts of Laws Relating to the Form of Testamentary Dispositions in 1983. According to the Convention, both domicile and nationality can determine the answers to the aforementioned questions.
• (b) No.
• (c) In practice, severance is used to divide the issues subject to dispute. For instance, for the determination of the validity of a will, the applicable law is the law of the location of the will's execution or regarding the determination of applicable inheritance rules, the law of permanent residence or closest connection may take effect.

12. Taxation

The Inheritance Tax Act outlines the taxation procedures for a local deceased/heir and a non-resident or non-domiciled deceased. Accordingly, a local deceased/heir will be taxed in compliance with the provisions of Inheritance Tax Act. However, a non-resident or non-domiciled deceased/heir will not be subject to inheritance tax. In addition to this, where a person is not actually domiciled in Turkey but has been resident for a substantial period of time, they may be deemed to be domiciled in Turkey for inheritance tax purposes only.